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Table 2 Literature-cited results of R. toruloides, C. curvatus and L. starkeyi strains cultivated on various crude glycerol-based media during growth under various fermentation configurations and their comparisons with the present study

From: Assessing an effective feeding strategy to optimize crude glycerol utilization as sustainable carbon source for lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeasts

Strain

Carbon source

Nitrogen source

Dry weight (g L−1)

Lipid (%)

Lipid productivity (g L−1 h−1)

Cultivation mode

Glycerol (g L−1)

Reference

R. toruloides Y4

Crude glycerol

Hydrolysate from rapeseed meal

31.1

41.7

0.11

Fed-batch; 1-L bioreactor

–

[22]

19.3

43.0

0.07

Batch; 1-L bioreactor

100

Pure glycerol

35.3

46.0

0.14

Batch; 1-L bioreactor

100

43.0

45.8

0.17

Batch; 1-L bioreactor

100

R. toruloides Y4

Crude glycerol

Peptone and yeast extract

20.3

42.5

0.07

Flask

100

[24]

Pure glycerol

21.1

40.3

0.07

Flask

100

R. toruloides AS2.1389

Crude glycerol

(NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract

19.2

47.7

0.06

Flask

50

[18]

20.1

42.9

0.05

Flask

50

26.7

69.5

0.09a

Batch; 5-L bioreactor

60

18.00

74.1

0.07a

Batch; 5-L bioreactor

60

R. toruloides NRRL Y-27012

Crude glycerol

Peptone and yeast extract

30.1

40.0

0.03

Flask

120

[19]

23.8

47.0

0.04

Flask

95

R. toruloides DSM 4444

Crude glycerol

SFM hydrolysate

47.9

37.8

0.14

Fed-batch; 3.6-L bioreactor

–

[23]

PSFM hydrolysate

37.4

51.3

0.17

Fed-batch; 3.6-L bioreactor

–

C. curvatus ATCC 20508

Crude glycerol

Corn steep liquor, baker’s yeast autolysate and malt extract

50.4

45.0

0.17

Fed-batch; 30-L bioreactor

–

[5]

58.9

43.0

0.19

Fed-batch; 6-L bioreactor

–

52.3

43.0

0.16

Fed-batch; 6-L bioreactor

–

69.2

40.0

0.24

Fed-batch; 6-L bioreactor

–

C. curvatus ATCC 20509

Crude glycerol

Yeast extract

32.9

52.9

0.06

Two-stage fed-batch; 2-L biorector

–

[21]

C. curvatus ATCC 20509

Crude glycerol

SFM hydrolysate

38.0

47.1

0.09

Fed-batch; 3.6-L bioreactor

–

[23]

PSFM hydrolysate

34.6

50.0

0.11

Fed-batch; 3.6-L bioreactor

–

L. starkeyi DSM 70296

Crude glycerol

Peptone and yeast extract

34.4

35.9

0.03

Flask

120

[19]

23.3

35.0

0.02

Flask

100

R. toruloides DSM 4444

Pure glycerol

(NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract

40.4

60.9

0.13

Batch with feeding; 2-L biorector

100

This study

Crude glycerol

41.0

60.0

0.15

Batch with feeding; 2-L biorector

100

C. curvatus DSM 70022

Pure glycerol

(NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract

43.7

46.9

0.10

Batch with feeding; 2-L bioreactor

100

This study

Crude glycerol

45.1

50.9

0.09

Batch with feeding; 2-L biorector

100

L. starkeyi DSM 70295

Pure glycerol

(NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract

31.4

48.2

0.10

Batch with feeding; 2-L biorector

100

This study

Crude glycerol

32.7

55.9

0.13

Batch with feeding; 2-L biorector

100

  1. aCalculated considering fermentation time 195 h