Fig. 1From: Extracellular vesicles produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) activate macrophage proinflammatory response and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through TLR4 signalingCharacterization and kinetics of E. coli CT265 EVs. (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of negatively stained APEC CT265 EVs (n = 1). Scale bars: 200 nm. (B) Size distribution of CT265 EVs determined with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Data are the means of three biological replicates (blue line) ± standard errors of the means. (C) Kinetic curves for E. coli CT265 and EVs over 18 h. Data are the means of three biological replicates ± SEM. (D) Western blotting analysis of EV protein OmpA after incubation for (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h). A representative western blot is shown. (E) SDS-PAGE analysis of proteinase-K-treated EVs, untreated EVs, and CT265 whole-cell bacterial lysate (WC). (F) Protein concentrations of proteinase-K-treated EVs and -untreated EVs. Statistical test: t-test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Data are the means of five biological replicates ± SEM.Back to article page