Fig. 5From: Extracellular vesicles produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) activate macrophage proinflammatory response and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through TLR4 signalingNeutrophil activation by EVs led to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). (A) Formation of NETs in mouse bone-marrow neutrophils activated with 50 µg/mL EVs for different times (2, 4, or 6 h). Cells were visualized with fluorescence microscopy. 100nM PMA as the positive control. (B) Detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein in mouse bone-marrow neutrophils incubated with 50 µg/mL EVs. (C) After incubation with 50 µg/mL EVs lacking LPS for 6 h, neutrophils were visualized with fluorescence microscopy. No NETs were observed. (D) Neutrophils were incubated with 50 µg/mL EVs lacking LPS for 6 h, and visualized with fluorescence microscopy. No MPO protein was detected in neutrophils treated with EVs lacking LPS. (E) Formation of HETs in chicken heterophils after activation with 50 µg/mL EVs for different times (2, 4, or 6 h). Data represent one of three independent experiments. Cells were fixed and stained with DAPI (blue) and MPO antibody (orange). Data represent one of three independent experimentsBack to article page