Fig. 1

Overview of the 1,2-PDO pathway introduced into C. glutamicum [22], including the proposed bypass from methylglyoxal to d-lactate and pyruvate via lactoylmycothiol in blue. Black arrows represent native pathways; dotted arrows indicate more than one reaction; green and disrupted arrows represent heterologously expressed proteins and deletions of gene sequences of mentioned proteins, respectively. Abbreviations: TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; DHA, dihydroxyacetone; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine; 1-l-Ins-1-P, 1-l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate; GldA, glycerol dehydrogenase (from E. coli); HdpA, dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase; MgsA, methylglyoxal synthase (from E. coli); Dld, quinone-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase; LldD, quinone-dependent l-lactate dehydrogenase; Ldh, NAD-dependent l-lactate dehydrogenase; YqhD, aldehyde reductase (from E. coli); MshA, glycosyltransferase; “GloA”, proposed lactoylglutathione lyase homolog in C. glutamicum; “GloB”, proposed hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase homolog in C. glutamicum